Below are the 12 most common types of leaf margins (leaf margins) found in nature:
In addition, in nature there are many types of leaf edges (leaf edge) differently, leaf margins may vary depending on growing conditions, the growth stage of the leaf may also vary leaf shape speaking and the leaf edge in particular.
1. Ciliate margin
The ciliate margin is covered with fine hairs along the edge, giving it a smooth or fringed feel.
This feature helps reduce evaporation and prevents insects or pathogens from entering.
2. Crenate margin
The leaf margin has a rounded serration (crenate margin) consisting of rounded serrations, creating a soft, wavy border along the leaf edge.
This feature enhances drainage and can minimize damage from wind or insects.
3. Dentate margin
The leaf margin has a symmetrical dentate margin formed by outward-pointing serrations, arranged symmetrically along the leaf margin.
This feature increases the area for gas exchange and may contribute to protecting the plant from leaf-eating animals.
4. Rounded margin
The entire margin leaf has an entire margin, without teeth or lobes, forming a smooth and continuous border.
This feature helps reduce water loss and limit mechanical damage, suitable for dry or low-competition environments.
5. Double serrate margin
Doubly serrate margin leaves have margins with two levels of serration, where each large tooth is divided into smaller teeth.
This feature helps increase the gas exchange area and can improve drainage, limiting dew condensation on the leaves.
6. Denticulate margin
Denticulate margin leaves have margins formed by very small, even, and delicate serrations along the leaf margin.
This feature enhances drainage and can reduce attack by small insects.
7. Lobate margin
Lobate margin leaves have margins divided into shallow or deep lobes, forming characteristic curves along the leaf margin.
This feature increases the surface area for photosynthesis and can reduce wind resistance, protecting the plant in windy environments.
8. Serrate margin
Serrate margin leaves have edges with sharp teeth pointing towards the leaf tip, forming a sharp border.
This feature increases drainage and may serve as a defense against leaf-eating animals.
9. Serrulate margin
Serrulate margin leaves have margins with small, sharp, regular teeth, forming a smooth margin.
This feature helps the plant reduce insect infestation and protects the leaves from mechanical damage.
10. Sinuate margin
Sinuate margin leaves have wavy edges, forming gentle, irregular curves.
This feature increases wind resistance and can help reduce water loss in dry environmental conditions.
11. Spiny margin
Spiny margin leaves have edges with sharp spines growing along the leaf margin, forming a sharp fence.
This feature helps protect the plant from attack by leaf-eating animals and minimizes damage from chewing.
12. Large undulate margin
The undulate margin leaves have strongly wavy margins, forming large, distinct waves along the leaf margin.
This feature increases the surface area for photosynthesis and can reduce the impact of strong winds on the plant.
]]>1. Reduced ability to absorb nutrients
Tannins can combine with metal ions (iron, calcium, magnesium) or proteins in the soil, forming insoluble complexes. This reduces the availability of important nutrients that plants need to grow.
2. Inhibits the activity of beneficial microorganisms
Tannins have antibacterial and antifungal properties. When they accumulate in the soil, they can inhibit beneficial microorganisms such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobia) and mycorrhizae. This affects the ability of the soil to deliver nutrients to plants.
3. Change soil pH
Tannin is mildly acidic. When dissolved in soil, it can reduce pH, creating a more acidic environment. Acidic soil will limit the growth of many plants that cannot tolerate acidic conditions.
4. Impact on soil structure
Tannins can change the chemical properties of soil organic matter, reducing its porosity or facilitating the accumulation of compounds that are difficult to decompose. This reduces the drainage and aeration capacity of the soil, negatively affecting plant root growth.
5. Toxic to plant roots and seeds
At high concentrations, tannins can be directly toxic to plant roots and seeds, damaging plant tissue or inhibiting germination. Some plant species may have their growth inhibited by allelopathy (negative chemical interactions between plant species).
6. Slows down the decomposition of organic matter
Tannins have the ability to inhibit the activity of enzymes and microorganisms involved in the decomposition of organic matter. This causes organic material to decompose more slowly, affecting the supply of nutrients to plants.
7. Causes allelopathy
Some plants produce tannins to inhibit the growth of other nearby plants. This is a form of chemical competition (allelopathy), making it difficult for other plants to germinate or grow, especially in species that are not tannin tolerant.
8. Altering soil microflora
Tannins can alter soil microbial composition by killing sensitive species and favoring tannin-resistant species. This can lead to ecological imbalance in the soil.
9. Increased accumulation of toxic compounds in soil
When tannin accumulates over time, it can form by-product compounds (such as unbalanced humic and fulvic acids) that are toxic to plants or reduce soil quality, especially in areas with old growth or forests.
10. Limit the growth of symbiotic fungi
Tannins can inhibit the growth of some important symbiotic fungi, such as mycorrhizaeThis prevents the plant from taking full advantage of the fungi's assistance in absorbing nutrients and water from the soil.
11. Effects on soil water balance
Because tannins can reduce water infiltration in soils (due to their effects on soil structure and accumulation of difficult-to-degrade compounds), they can limit the soil's ability to retain or drain water, thereby affecting plant growth.
12. Causes odor and affects soil quality
When tannins break down in soil, especially under anaerobic (low oxygen) conditions, they can produce unpleasant odors and affect soil quality. This is common in waterlogged or poorly drained soils.
13. Increased toxicity to soil ecosystems
When tannin accumulates over time, it can react with other substances in the soil, creating toxic compounds such as quinones or derivatives phenolicThese compounds not only affect crops but also harm soil animals and beneficial microorganisms.
14. Causes accumulation of hard-to-decompose residue
Tannins can interact with other organic compounds, creating a difficult-to-decompose residue on the soil surface. This residue prevents transpiration, gas exchange, and reduces the ability of plant roots to absorb water.
15. Effects on seed germination
Tannins in soil can directly inhibit seed germination by reducing the ability of the seed to absorb water, or be toxic to the seed embryo. This reduces plant density or natural regeneration of plants in the ecosystem.
16. Degradation of groundwater quality
Water-soluble tannins can leach into groundwater, causing water pollution. This reduces the quality of irrigation water and even affects human health if this water source is used.
17. Increased risk of soil erosion
By changing the soil structure (making it harder or less able to drain), tannins can make soil more susceptible to erosion during heavy rains. This causes the topsoil to be washed away, leading to nutrient loss and long-term crop damage.
18. Inhibits the natural breakdown of toxins
In the soil there are many tannins, microorganisms and enzyme Inhibition can slow the breakdown of natural toxins or residual chemicals (e.g. pesticides). This increases the risk of toxic chemical residues in the soil.
19. Create differentiation between plant species
Tannins can give some plant species a competitive advantage (through allelopathy), but at the same time weaken other species, leading to an imbalance in the ecosystem. This can reduce biodiversity.
20. Inhibition of earthworm activity
Earthworms are an important component of improving soil structure and fertility. However, tannins can be toxic to earthworms or reduce their activity, leading to soil degradation.
21. Inhibits the ability to exchange gases in the soil
Tannins can increase soil compaction or create a layer of organic matter that is difficult to decompose. This limits the ability of gas exchange between plant roots and the air, leading to a lack of oxygen for plant roots.
22. Increased nutrient leaching
Water-soluble tannins can reduce the ability of soil to retain soluble nutrients. These nutrients are easily washed away during heavy rain or irrigation, causing malnutrition in plants.
23. Causes toxic accumulation over time
When tannin accumulates in the soil for a long time, it not only reduces soil quality but also causes the accumulation of related toxic substances such as phenol or tannin-degradable compounds, which has a long-term impact on arable land use.
24. Effects on the development of pollinating insects
If tannins are transferred from the soil to flowers or plants, they can reduce the attractiveness of the plant to pollinators such as bees or butterflies. This affects the plant's ability to reproduce, especially fruit trees.
25. Reduced fertilizer use efficiency
Tannins can interact with compounds in fertilizers (especially organic or nitrogen-rich fertilizers), reducing the effectiveness of the fertilizer by preventing plants from accessing these nutrients.
26. Harmful to sensitive plants
Some plants are more sensitive to tannins (e.g., vegetables, fruit trees, or non-native plants). The accumulation of tannins in the soil can cause these plants to fail to grow or to experience significant yield reductions.
27. Crop Rotation Issue
Tannin accumulation in the soil can affect crop rotation. Successive crops planted after harvesting of tannin-containing plants (e.g. acacia, eucalyptus) may have difficulty germinating or growing due to the altered soil environment.
28. Reduced effectiveness of biological soil treatment
Tannins can interfere with microbial soil amendment methods (e.g. bioremediation). This is because tannins inhibit the activity of important bacteria or enzymes in the soil treatment process.
29. Causes changes in soil color
Tannins can stain soil or water in the soil, especially in wetland areas. This not only affects the environment but also makes it difficult to identify soil quality.
30. Impact on aquatic plants near wetlands
If tannins in the soil are washed into nearby water sources, they can cause a lack of oxygen in the water (due to the organic decomposition process), affecting aquatic plants and animals.
Summary
Tannins, although they have natural roles in the ecosystem (such as protecting plants from pests), can cause many harmful effects when they accumulate in excess in the soil.
Impact of tannin The effects of tannins on plants depend on the type of plant, the type of soil, and the specific environment (sand, clay, or organic soil). Some plants, such as tea, chestnut, and acacia, have adapted to the tannins in the soil, while other plants may be severely affected. Soil management (organic fertilizers, pH adjustment, or microbial amendments) can reduce the negative effects of tannins.
Tannins cause a wide range of harmful effects on soils, ecosystems, and plants, depending on concentration, accumulation time, and environmental conditions.
These effects are particularly important in ecosystems or agricultural soils where tannin-producing plants (such as eucalyptus, acacia, or oak). To minimize negative impacts, measures such as soil improvement, intercropping with soil-improving plants (such as beans, peanuts), and control of tannin accumulation should be implemented.
See also: Tannins in Growing Media: Explanation, Effects and Treatment
]]>What is Tannin?
Tannin belongs to the polyphenol group, known as a substance that can combine with proteins and heavy metals. In nature, tannin has the effect of protecting plants from pathogenic microorganisms and predators. The main source of tannins in growing media usually comes from:
- Bark, trunk: Oak bark, pine bark.
- Leaf: Leaves such as coconut leaves, acacia leaves, oak leaves.
- Fruit: Coconut shell, grape skin, seeds
Tannins are divided into two main types based on chemical structure and decomposition characteristics
Condensed Tannins
Condensed tannins are formed from flavonoid units linked together. They are common in plants, especially wood, bark, and seeds.
Hydrolyzable Tannins
Hydrolyzable tannins consist of polyphenol compounds bound to sugars or phenolic acids (such as gallic acid or ellagic acid).
“Coconut shells are used as a growing medium but contain a lot of tannins”
5 effects of tannin in growing medium
1. Change the pH of the soil
Tannins are acidic and can lower the pH of the growing medium, which affects the plant's ability to absorb nutrients.
See also: Độ pH cho cây trong nhà: giải thích, hướng dẫn chi tiết
2. Effects on beneficial microorganisms
Tannins have antibacterial properties that can kill or inhibit the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the soil, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria or mycorrhizae. This reduces the efficiency of nutrient absorption by the roots.
3. Potential toxicity to plants
If tannin concentrations are too high, they can be toxic to plant roots, slowing growth or causing root burn.
4. Reduced ability to absorb nutrients
Tannin combines with iron and precipitates minerals, making it impossible for plants to absorb them. important nutrients.
5. Impact on soil structure
As tannin accumulates in the soil, it can interact with other organic compounds, changing the soil structure. This can reduce drainage and aeration, negatively affecting root growth.
Signs of plants affected by tannins
- Yellow or withered leaves: Plants do not absorb enough nutrients, causing leaves to turn yellow or wither.
- Slow root growth: The root system is weakened, resulting in slow or no growth of the plant.
- Root burn phenomenon: White or brown root areas may be a sign of burning due to the action of tannins.
- Low microbial yield: Limit biological processes in the substrate, resulting in poor soil fertility.
How to handle tannin in growing medium
Method 1: Soak the fabric in water
Before using growing media such as coconut peat, coconut fiber, coconut lumps or bark, soak and wash with water to remove excess tannin. In coconut fiber, tannin content is about 2.5%, has a salty taste, is soluble in water but precipitates protein, so it is necessary to remove tannin in coconut fiber before planting.
Method 2: Soak with lime
Tannin is an acidic organic compound that reduces the plant's ability to absorb nutrients when using coconut fiber as a substrate. Lime solution Ca(OH)₂ Alkaline, helps neutralize tannic acid, making coconut fiber safer for plants.
Method 3: Check the pH in the pot
Regularly check the pH of the growing medium and adjust if necessary with lime or buffer solution.
Method 4: Use additives to reduce tannins
Add organic buffers (such as treated manure) to neutralize the effects of tannins.
Not all tannins are harmful, and the degree of impact depends on the plant, the concentration of tannins in the soil, and the environment in which the plant lives. Some plants have evolved to adapt to or even use tannins to prevent competition from other species (allelopathy).
]]>Too low humidity can cause plants to lose water quickly, dry out their leaves, or stop growing.
What is humidity?
Humidity for indoor plants is the level steam in the air in the growing environment, affecting the growth, health and water absorption capacity of the plant.
How to measure air humidity?
We can measure humidity with a hygrometer to know how much moisture is in the air. Many thermometers come with a hygrometer or vice versa. So it makes sense to buy a device that can measure both. You can move it from place to place if needed.
Ideal air humidity for indoor plants
The ideal humidity for most mature plants is 60 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Some tropical plants are accustomed to humidity levels as high as 90 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Many succulents, such as cacti, only need humidity levels of 10 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit. As a general rule, plants with thicker leaves can tolerate lower humidity.
The ideal humidity for most mature plants is 60% to 70%.
Humidity levels for plants
Low humidity (10-40%)
This range is suitable for plants that thrive in arid conditions. Cacti and succulents will do well, but most other plants will have leaf problems.
Moderate humidity (40-60%)
Most common houseplants thrive in this range. Most indoor environments have this humidity level, but it varies by season. Some plants need more humidity, so mist them with water or place a tray of water nearby.
High humidity (60-80%)
This humidity ideal for most tropical houseplants. However, it is difficult to maintain this humidity indoors. You can maintain this level with an enclosed terrarium or small greenhouse.
Very high humidity (80-90%)
Very few houseplants need such high humidity, some tropical plants like some orchids, anthuriums, begonias and carnivorous plants need very high humidity. However, for humans, it is not healthy at all! Only greenhouses or closed environments can achieve this level of humidity.
Signs of plant problems due to humidity
Stress due to humidity too low is the most common case when growing plants indoors. You may see the following signs:
- Leaf edges or tips turn brown
- The edges of the leaves turn yellow.
- Leaves dry and curled
Stress due to high humidity Commonly occurs in greenhouses, terrariums, bathrooms or tropical climates. You can look for signs such as:
- Fungus/mold on leaves
- Fungus/mold on potting soil
- Leaves and stems begin to show signs of rot.
How to keep the humidity right for indoor plants?
In case you are having trouble getting the humidity right for your houseplants, here are some tips that might help you:
1. Mist
Simply mist the leaves with warm water using a spray bottle. Just remember that you will need to mist regularly as the effect is only temporary.
2. Group your plants
If you group plants together, air and moisture will be trapped between each group. They can also use each other's moisture from the soil. If you do this, you must leave some space between the plants to let them 'breathe'.
3. Tray for gravel or water
A tray of small pebbles or a water tray can also increase humidity. The water should be just below the surface of the pebbles so the plants don't absorb it and it stays well ventilated.
4. Humidifier
A humidifier is a device that adds moisture to the air through evaporation. This is probably the easiest way to increase the humidity in your room. Mist diffusers are also a popular type of humidifier in Vietnam.
5. Cover with small gravel or bluestone
If you plant trees in a large area such as a garden, you can cover them with rocks or small pebbles to help retain moisture better.
6. Use glass cabinets, terrariums
Greenhouses are an option for maintaining very high and stable humidity for certain plants as low humidity can kill your plants.
Ideal soil moisture for some houseplants
| Houseplants | Ideal humidity |
| Aloe Vera | 30-50% |
| Aglaonema | 40-60% |
| Alocasia | 60-80% |
| Anthurium | 70-80% |
| Aspidistra (Cast Iron) | 40-60% |
| Bamboo | 40–70% |
| Begonia | 50–90% |
| Cactus | 10-40% |
| Colocasia | 65-75% |
| Coleus (Nettle) | 50-70% |
| Cordyline | 40–80% |
| Calathea | 50-60% |
| Dracaena (Prosperity) | 40-60% |
| Dieffenbachia (Dieffenbachia) | 60-70% |
| Epipremnum | 50–70% |
| Platycerium | 60–90% |
| Palm | 40–60% |
| Monstera | 60–80% |
| Homalomena | 60–80% |
| Fittonia (Velvet) | 50–70% |
| Fern | 50–70% |
| Orchid | 40–70% |
| Peperomia | 40–70% |
| Philodendron | 60–80% |
| Pothos (Betel) | 40–60% |
| Oxalis | 40–60% |
| Rubber fig (Red bud) | 40–60% |
| Spider plant (Orchid) | 50-60% |
| Sansevieria (Snake plant) | 40–60% |
| Succulents | 30-50% |
| Snake Plant | 40–60% |
| Syngonium | 50–80% |
| Tradescantia (Thai jasmine) | 40–60% |
| Zamioculcas Zamiifolia (ZZ plant) (Golden money) | 40–60% |
Tổng hợp kiến thức trồng cây trong nhà
]]>What is the pH of soil?
pH is an abbreviation for the terms: “pondus hydrogenii” (hydrogen activity). In agriculture, pH is an indicator of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil, which has a great impact on plant growth. It is assessed by the concentration of hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide (OH-) in the soil.
If the H+ ion content is high and active, the soil is acidic. On the contrary, if the H+ ion content is low, it is alkaline. In case the amount of hydrogen (H+) is balanced with the amount of hydroxide (OH-), the soil is neutral, the pH is approximately 7.
The pH scale ranges from 0 – 14, for plants we can focus on levels between 4.0 – 8.5. A value of 7.0 is considered neutral pH, below 7.0 is acidic, above 7.0 is alkaline.
Why is pH important in growing plants indoors?
As you know, all plants need nutrients to grow healthily. They need macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as micronutrients and minerals including calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, etc. If plants cannot access these nutrients, deficiencies and other serious health problems can result.
The problem with houseplants is that they can only absorb nutrients within a small pH range, which fluctuates around 6–7 when growing in soil. If the pH is lower or higher than that, the plant cannot absorb nutrients, even if they are present—thus causing nutrient deficiencies through the phenomenon of “nutrient locking.”
In places where houseplants thrive in the wild, the soil is often slightly acidic; therefore, houseplants will also prefer a slightly acidic environment. However, how you grow your houseplants also plays a role in creating the optimal pH level for your plants. Houseplants grown hydroponically or without soil need an even lower pH than those grown in soil.
Best pH for Houseplants
The ideal pH for most indoor plants is between 5.5 and 6.5.
The ideal pH level for each plant is different, and depends on the time and stage of growth. Keeping the pH between 6 and 7 will help your plants thrive. In general, the best pH level for indoor plants is 6.5, the level at which all nutrients can be absorbed.
The effects and effects of pH
| pH | Affect |
| Below 4.0 | Root Damage / Root Damage |
| 4.0 – 4.9 | Nutrient Leaching / Nutrient Restriction |
| 5.0 – 5.9 | Good pH Level / Good pH |
| 6.0 – 6.5 | Ideal pH Level / Ideal pH |
| 6.6 – 7.0 | Acceptable pH Balance / Acceptable pH |
| 7.1 – 8.5 | Poor Nutrient Uptake / Poor Nutrient Absorption |
| Over 8.5 | Root damage |
Ideal Soil pH for Houseplants
| Houseplants | Ideal pH |
| Aloe Vera | 6.0 – 7.0 |
| Aglaonema | 5.5 – 6.5 |
| Alocasia | 5.0 – 6.0 |
| Anthurium | 5.5 – 6.5 |
| Aspidistra (Cast Iron) | 5.5 – 7.0 |
| Bamboo | 5.0 – 7.5 |
| Begonia | 6.0 – 8.0 |
| Cactus | 4.5 – 6.0 |
| Colocasia | 5.5 – 7.0 |
| Coleus (Nettle) | 6.0 – 7.0 |
| Cordyline | 6.5 – 8.0 |
| Calathea | 4.5 – 5.5 |
| Dracaena (Prosperity) | 6.0 – 6.5 |
| Dieffenbachia (Dieffenbachia) | 5.5 – 6.5 |
| Epipremnum | 5.0 – 6.0 |
| Platycerium | 5.5 – 6.5 |
| Palm | 6.0 – 8.0 |
| Monstera | 5.0 – 6.0 |
| Homalomena | 6.0 – 7.0 |
| Fittonia (Velvet) | 6.0 – 6.5 |
| Fern | 4.5 – 6.0 |
| Orchid | 5.5 – 6.5 |
| Peperomia | 6.0 – 7.5 |
| Philodendron | 4.5 – 6.0 |
| Pothos (Betel) | 6.1 – 6.5 |
| Oxalis | 6.0 – 8.0 |
| Rubber fig (Red bud) | 5.5 – 7.0 |
| Spider plant (Orchid) | 6.1 – 6.5 |
| Sansevieria | 5.5 – 7.5 |
| Succulents | 5.5 – 6.5 |
| Snake Plant | 5.5 – 7.5 |
| Syngonium | 5.5 – 6.5 |
| Tradescantia (Thai jasmine) | 6.0 – 7.0 |
| Zamioculcas Zamiifolia (ZZ plant) (Golden money) | 6.0 – 7.0 |
See also Plant pH Preference List:
Tổng hợp kiến thức trồng cây trong nhà
Ánh sáng cho cây trong nhà: phân loại, hướng dẫn chi tiết
Độ pH cho cây trong nhà: giải thích, hướng dẫn chi tiết
Giá thể dành cho các loại cây trong nhà
Tưới nước cho cây trong nhà
Nhiệt độ cho cây trong nhà: giải thích hướng dẫn chi tiết
]]>
Introducing Monstera
Origin of Monstera plant
Monstera plants are native to the tropical forests of Central America and South America, especially the area from southern Mexico to Panama.
Monstera plant meaning
With its unique leaf shape, the Monstera plant brings a natural, modern beauty and is suitable for all styles. landscape decoration.
“Monstera has the ability to absorb toxic substances in the air”
Like other pothos plants, Monstera plants have the ability to absorb toxic substances in the air, helping to keep the living space clean and fresh.
According to Feng Shui, Monstera plants symbolize prosperity, wealth and peace. Perhaps because of their elegant shape.
General characteristics of Monstera plants
Why are Monstera leaves split?
The leaf is a leaf morphology In particular, to help light and rain easily penetrate the foliage, optimizing light absorption in low light environments.
Additionally, the holes help to prevent them from being damaged by the wind since monsteras often have very large foliage.
How to grow and care for Monstera plants at home
Light for Monstera
Monstera plants prefer bright, indirect light. Avoid exposing the plant to direct sunlight for too long, as this can cause leaf burn.
Monstera should be placed near a window with a strong light source. If you plant Monstera in the garden, make sure the plant has shade or does not receive direct sunlight for too long. See more Guide to Types of Light for Indoor Plants.
Watering Monstera
Monstera plants do not need much water, water regularly, about 1-2 times a week depending on environmental conditions. You can spray water on the leaves to help cool the leaves and create more humidity.
Avoid overwatering, as constantly wet soil can cause root rot.
Temperature and humidity suitable for Monstera
“The suitable humidity for Monstera is from 60-70%”
Monstera grows well at temperatures from 20–30°C. The suitable humidity for Monstera is from 60-70%, high humidity will help the plant stay healthy and grow quickly.
Monstera plants can still survive in humidity below 60% but they will not grow well.
Ideal pH for Monstera Plants
The ideal pH for Monstera plants ranges from 5.5 to 7.0, that is from slightly acidic to neutralThis is the right pH level for plants to absorb maximum nutrients from the soil, helping leaves to be green and plants to grow healthily.
Suitable Soil / Substrate for Monstera
Choose loose, well-drained, and nutrient-rich soil. You can mix loam, coconut fiber, and compost for best results.
“Choose soil that is loose, well-drained, and rich in nutrients.”
Fertilizing Instructions for Monstera Plants
Spread a thin layer of vermicompost (about 1–2 cm) on the soil surface every 2 months or mix it directly into the soil before planting.
Spring and summer (growing period): Fertilize with organic fertilizer every 2-4 weeks, because this is when the plant grows strongly.
“Fertilize monstera in spring.”
Fall and winter (rest period): Reduce fertilizer to once a month or stop fertilizing, depending on the growth of the plant.
Signs Monstera Needs Fertilization:
- New leaves are smaller than normal or have no slits.
- Old leaves turn yellow and pale.
- The plant grows slowly, with few new leaves.
When should I repot my Monstera?
Repot Monstera annually in spring. Mature plants can be repotted every 1-3 years. Repot if roots become overgrown or protrude from the drainage hole.
Common Pests & Insects in Monstera Plants
Common pests & insects in Monstera plants and solutions:
- Mealybugs – Remove with a cotton swab dipped in alcohol.
- Insects – Wipe each branch with a cotton swab or prune affected stems.
- Bed Bugs – Kill them with a strong spray of water. Apply insecticidal soap.
- Thrips – Isolate and treat with neem oil or spinosad.
- Bacterial Leaf Spot – Improve airflow. Remove affected leaves. Apply fungicide.
- Leaf spot – Prune off affected leaves. Apply neem oil or sulfur fungicide.
- Root rot – Repot in new, sterile soil. Improve drainage. Allow soil to dry between waterings.
Clean Monstera leaves regularly
Because the leaves have a large surface area, they often get dirty. If you take the time to clean your plant regularly, it will look better.
In addition, wiping the leaves often also helps the plant photosynthesize and metabolize better.
5 Most Popular Monstera Varieties
There are many different types of monstera plants, here are the top 5 most popular types in the world:
See more monstera plants at Monstera plant library of KLA.
Beautiful pictures of Monstera plants
1. Coco Peat
Coconut peat is a fine powder obtained from coconut fiber, which has good water and moisture retention capacity. Coconut fiber is usually processed to remove tannins and salts before use.
Advantage:
- Retains water and moisture very well, helping plants always be fully supplied with water.
- Improves soil porosity when mixed together.
- Environmentally friendly, biodegradable.
Disadvantages:
- If used too much, it can cause root rot due to its high water retention capacity.
- Need to be processed carefully before use to remove salt and tannin.
- Poor drainage if used alone without mixing with other substrates.
Suitable for plants:
- Sprouts, clean vegetables.
- Flowers like chrysanthemums, primroses, geraniums.
- Fruit trees or hydroponic plants when combined with other substrates.
Popular coco peat products
Coconut peat must be treated tannin and pathogens that are harmful to plants. You should buy coco peat from reputable companies such as SFARM because they have a standard processing system and stable quality.
In addition, there are many coconut peat products on the market such as:
- Sfarm Coconut Peat Has Been Treated For Tannins & Germs
- Coco Wow Processed Coconut Fiber Growing Media
- BaTriVina bagged coconut peat
- Eco N1 Coconut Peat Nursery
2. Coir Fiber
Coir is the long, coarse, soft fibers extracted from the outer shell of the coconut. Coir is larger in size than coco peat, and usually retains a distinct fibrous texture.
Advantage:
- Good drainage: Helps plants avoid waterlogging.
- Moderate moisture retention: Balances air circulation and moisture for plant roots.
- High durability: Coconut fiber decomposes slowly and can be reused many times.
- Environmentally friendly: Natural product, does not harm the environment.
Disadvantages:
- Poor nutrition: Must be fertilized regularly as coir does not provide nutrients to the plant.
- Pre-treatment required: May contain harmful tannins and salts if not thoroughly rinsed.
Suitable for plants:
- Orchids (Phalaenopsis, Dendrobium, Cattleya).
- Bonsai and other ornamental plants need a well-ventilated growing medium.
- Grow plants in hanging baskets or mesh pots.
3. Coco Peat Pellets
Coconut peat is compressed into small, round or flat pellets, easy to use and store. When soaked in water, the pellets will expand to be used as a growing medium.
Advantage:
- Convenient, no need to measure ratio when using.
- Retains water well and expands easily when soaked in water.
- Clean, do not dirty the planting area.
Disadvantages:
- The price is higher than normal coconut peat.
- Low nutrient retention capacity, regular fertilizer addition required.
Suitable for plants:
- Sow seeds of plants (vegetables, flowers).
- Cuttings.
- Hydroponic systems or growing plants in small spaces.
4. Coconut Chips
Coconut shells are pieces of coconut shells cut into small pieces, usually of uniform size. Coconut cubes have a porous structure, which both retains moisture and drains well.
Advantage:
- Good drainage, does not cause waterlogging.
- Retains some moisture, suitable for plants that need moderate moisture.
- Not easy to rot, long lasting use.
Disadvantages:
- Does not retain much nutrition, needs to be fertilized periodically.
- If not treated properly, it may contain tannins and salts that are harmful to plants.
Suitable for plants:
- Orchids (especially Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium orchids).
- Bonsai and ornamental plants need breathable growing medium.
- Indoor plants and ornamental plants need high drainage.
5. Coconut root substrate
Coconut root substrate is made from the old roots of the coconut tree. Coconut roots are usually long, tough and durable fibers. After being cleaned and processed, they become a natural substrate commonly used for growing plants, especially in environments that require high ventilation.
Advantage:
- Good drainage: Coconut roots have a fibrous structure, allowing water to flow easily and preventing root rot.
- Maintain aeration: Create ideal conditions for root growth.
- High durability: Coconut roots decompose slowly, can be used for a long time without frequent replacement.
- Environmentally friendly: It is a natural and reusable product.
Disadvantages:
- Does not retain water well: Not suitable for plants that require a substrate with high water retention capacity.
- Pre-treatment required: May contain bacteria, pathogens or impurities if not properly cleaned and treated.
- High price, difficult to buy compared to other types of substrates
Suitable for plants:
- Orchids: Especially orchids that require airy substrates such as Phalaenopsis, Dendrobium, Cattleya.
- Types Anthurium Can also be grown with coconut roots.
- Bonsai: Bonsai, plants need ventilation for the roots.
- Hydroponic plants: As a substrate layer in hydroponic systems or combined with other substrates such as coconut peat, coconut charcoal.
Compare 5 types of coconut growing media
Below is a comparison table of 5 types of substrates (Coconut peat, Coconut fiber, Coconut lumps, Coconut roots and Coconut fiber pellets) based on characteristics such as structure, water retention capacity, drainage capacity, decomposition, main applications and cost.
You can mix the above growing media together or with other growing media to create a growing media that suits your growing needs. Currently on the market there are many premixed substrate Suitable for all types of ornamental foliage and indoor plants.
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1. What is direct light?
Direct sunlight is sunlight that shines directly on the leaves of a plant without being obstructed by curtains, walls, or any other obstructions. This is the strongest light a plant can receive indoors, similar to outdoor light.
Examples of direct indoor lighting:
- The plant is placed right next to the window without any obstruction.
- Balcony or indoor space with large glass doors that let in direct sunlight.
2. What is bright indirect light?
Indirect light is sunlight that does not shine directly on the plant but is diffused, reflected, or blocked by an object such as a curtain, frosted glass, wall, or furniture. This is the most common type of light and is ideal for many types of indoor plants.
Bright Indirect Light: Indirect light but still strong enough, suitable for plants that need medium to high light.
4. Medium indirect light
Medium light occurs a few feet from the window, when the light intensity gradually fades. Thin curtains will filter the light and this is also considered medium light. Plants that thrive in medium light include Pothos, Ferns, Snake Plants, and Money Plants.
5. What is Low light?
Low Indirect Light: Very weak light, only suitable for plants that can tolerate darkness well, such as snake plants or money trees. Areas with weak light, far from doors and windows, do not receive light sources all day.
Although houseplants almost always grow better in bright light, some plants can tolerate low light: Snake Plant, Money Plant,…
Light source location and intensity
The intensity and duration of light depends on location, direction, elevation and the outside environment. If your window is facing south it will receive more light North. If there are large trees around your house, the light intensity will be reduced.
Light exposure time
The duration of light is just as important as its intensity and is measured in units of time, such as hours. Plants often use the amount of light they receive during the day to determine the time of year.
The average amount of light a plant needs each day is about 12-16 hours and 8 hours of darkness.
For example, in the summer, you have longer days, which means more hours of sunlight. In the eyes of a plant, this is a sign that it is starting to fruit or flower. Plants also need time to rest and recover, just like we need sleep.
Quality of light
Light quality is more of a concern when growing plants with artificial light than natural light. Generally, sunlight is best for plant growth, but artificial lighting can improve the quality of light that plants receive, improving plant growth.
When artificial light is needed to supplement natural light, the spectrum is important. For example, red, far-red, and blue wavelengths are most important for plant growth. All three wavelengths must be provided for healthy plants.
The harmful effects of lack of light
Houseplants can become spindly or “leggy” as they stretch out to get more light. When placed in a location with light coming from one direction, they can grow skinny.
Reference
Lighting for Indoor Plants | University of Maryland Extension (UME)
House Plant Care 101: Light | Fast Growing Trees
Houseplant Sunlight Guide | Plant Addicts
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]]>SERAMIS growing medium brand
SERAMIS® is a trademark owned by Westland Horticulture, a world-leading corporation with over 30 years of experience in the production and distribution of gardening, landscaping, plant care and agricultural products.
Trademark SERAMIS® is one of the famous brands in Germany in the field of plant care. They have a variety of products, in which SERAMIS growing medium is a convenient and suitable solution for many types of indoor plants.
SERAMIS® product lines are researched and developed by the company based on the most advanced technologies today. The growing media in the form of granules (chips) are specifically designed for the needs of growing orchids, balcony plants, cacti, succulents, and indoor plants other, especially the pothos, philodendron and anthurium lines.
What material is SERAMIS substrate made of?
Unlike traditional clay, Seramis is made from 100% natural clay from the region. Westerwald (Germany), this place is famous for its long tradition of ceramic making.
Westerwald has quality clay deposits, an indispensable raw material in the production of SERAMIS growing medium. This clay is flexible and durable, making it ideal for creating this growing medium.
A clean and abundant water source is also an important factor in the production process of SERAMIS substrate.
After being processed, the clay will be fired at high temperatures using a modern production line to create beautiful brown-yellow clay particles, porous inside, containing a structure of many air holes capable of retaining water, retaining nutrients and circulating air.
Creates a durable growing medium that does not deteriorate over time and can be used for many different growing needs.
Advantages of SERAMIS substrate
It can be said that SERAMIS growing medium is an advanced growing medium product and has the potential to replace many traditional growing mediums, bringing efficiency and environmental friendliness. Let's explore its many advantages:
- 100% imported from Germany: “Made in Germany” so it will be very prestigious and quality guaranteed.
- Environmentally friendly: Closed production process, all waste is reused, minimizing negative impacts on the environment. Packaging is completely made from recycled materials, contributing to reducing plastic waste.
- Excellent drainage: The porous nature of SERAMIS potting medium ensures efficient drainage, preventing root rot and waterlogging.
- Aesthetics: They have a beautiful clay red color so they are very suitable for those who care a lot about aesthetics.
- Superior breathability: The seeds create many air pockets, promoting healthy root growth and nutrient absorption.
- Continuous moisturizing: SERAMIS retains moisture effectively, reducing the need for frequent watering.
- Durable over time: SERAMIS growing medium is a durable growing medium that can be reused for many growing cycles.
- Clean and hygienic: SERAMIS growing medium brings a clean, dust-free environment to your space.
- Multi-function: Suitable for a wide range of plants, including houseplants, orchids, succulents, vegetables and hydroponic plants.
- Vegan ProductsAccording to the supplier, this is a product line manufactured according to Vegan standards, the entire production process, from raw materials to finished products, does not use or test on animals.
- Safer: Prevent the growth of insects and pests.
Disadvantages of SERAMIS substrate
Although there are many advantages, SERAMIS substrate will also have a few minor disadvantages:
- Initial cost: SERAMIS potting medium can be a bit more expensive than traditional growing mediums, especially for large scale gardening.
- Pick some types of fertilizer: SERAMIS is usually in granular form and its good drainage properties make it unsuitable for powder or liquid fertilizers as they are easily washed away. Some plants need hard loam soil for better rooting. However, SERAMIS can be combined with other types of substrates.
Which plants is SERAMIS growing medium best suited for?
SERAMIS growing medium is suitable for many different types of plants such as:
- Pothos
- Philodendron Foliage
- Monstera
- Anthurium
- Calathea
- Money tree, silver tree
- Orchid species
- Cactus
- Sansevieria
- Succulents
- Aloe vera
- Rosemary
- Aquatic plants, succulents
- Types of bonsai (Bonsai tree)
- Vegetables
- Begonia
- Flowers (Flowering Balcony Plants)
- Vegetables
- Begonia
- Palm
- Caladium, Colocasia
- Dracaena
- Tropical almond
- And many other plants…
Who should use SERAMIS growing medium?
If you are having trouble choosing a growing medium, see if you fall into one of the following categories.
- You need a clean, aesthetic product: SERAMIS is exactly the medium for you because it won't make a mess like other traditional soils. The earthy orange color is also very eye-catching.
- Busy people: With SERAMIS indoor gardening becomes streamlined as its simple, low maintenance nature makes SERAMIS perfect for busy people.
- Beginners and 'pros' alike: The simplicity and efficiency of SERAMIS makes it a great choice for beginners and experienced growers alike.
- You are environmentally conscious: The reusable and sustainable nature of SERAMIS lends itself to environmentally friendly practices. The manufacturing process of SERAMIS is also an environmentally friendly process.
SERAMIS substrate lines
There are currently many SERAMIS media lines to meet the specific needs of each type of plant. Below are some SERAMIS media and the plants that are suitable for that media. You can mix the media together, or with other growing media if you wish.
SERAMIS® Pflanz-Granulat für Beet-, Balkon- & Kübelpflanzen
SERAMIS growing medium for potted plants, outdoors, balconies, terraces.
- Vegetables
- Begonia
- Flowers (Flowering Balcony Plants)
- Rosemary
- Other woody ornamental plants
SERAMIS® Spezial-Substrat für Palmen
SERAMIS growing medium for palm trees.
- Palm
- Dracaena
- Tropical almond
- Bonsai tree
SERAMIS® Spezial-Substrat für Kakteen und Sukkulenten
SERAMIS growing medium for cacti, succulents and other succulents.
- Cactus
- Sansevieria
- Succulents
- Aloe vera
SERAMIS® Spezial-Substrat für Orchideen
SERAMIS growing medium for orchids.
- Orchid species
- Anthurium
SERAMIS® Pflanz-Granulat für Zimmerpflanzen
SERAMIS growing medium for many different types of indoor ornamental plants.
- Pothos
- Philodenron ornamental plants
- Monstera
- Caladium, Colocasia
- Anthurium
- Calathea
- Money tree, silver tree
Where to buy SERAMIS substrate?
Currently, some SERAMIS substrates have been imported and officially distributed under the brand name Seramis VietnamYou can buy retail at retail agents or on e-commerce platforms.
Learn more about the product at SERAMIS Vietnam's official website: https://seramisvn.vn/.
]]>Hãy cùng khám phá ngay 5 xu hướng thiết kế cảnh quan chuyên nghiệp, giúp không gian sống của bạn trở nên hoàn hảo và ấn tượng hơn bao giờ hết nhé!
1. Sustainable Landscape
When it comes to modern landscape design, you can’t help but think of sustainable landscaping. This is not only a new trend but also a great way to immerse yourself in nature and build a green future – where everything is friendly, harmonious and sustainable.
Use environmentally friendly materials such as recycled wood, natural stone
Did you know that simple materials like recycled wood or natural stone can make your living space more beautiful and intimate? Recycled wood brings a warm and rustic feeling, like the hug of Mother Nature. In addition, using recycled wood also helps reduce waste, protecting the environment.
What about natural stone? Cute pebbles, friendly stepping stones, beautiful granite tiles or sturdy boulders can all make the perfect accent for your space. They are durable, natural and timeless.
See also: LSS Green Tree Company is a professional landscape construction unit that brings green space.
Prioritize native plants that are easy to care for and water-efficient.
Native plants are the ideal “companions” in sustainable landscape design. Familiar plants such as ornamental bananas, taro, ferns, tropical foliage plants or native plants are not only beautiful but also extremely “easy” to care for.
Moreover, these plants usually do not need too much water, helping you save resources and reduce pressure on the water system. Just a few clusters of green plants will make your space more lively and closer to nature than ever.
Integrate energy-saving systems such as drip irrigation and solar lights
Drip irrigation systems are like “air conditioners” for your garden, especially suitable for green walls. They help provide water regularly and economically, ensuring that every corner is fully watered without waste.
Solar lights are the “artists” in the landscape story. Not only do they light up the space, these lights also create a sparkling effect at night, making your garden poetic and attractive. What’s more amazing is that they are completely environmentally friendly!
Application: Suitable for green urban areas, villas, resorts or public works
Sustainable landscape is the perfect choice for many living spaces, from modern urban areas, luxury villas, to high-end resorts or public works such as parks and squares.
Imagine a lush tropical garden, where natural stone pathways lead through lush native trees. The soft light from solar powered lights makes the space warm and cozy. That’s how sustainable landscaping can bring you a living space that is not only beautiful but also full of vitality and environmental responsibility!
2. Multifunctional Landscape Space
In modern life, who doesn’t dream of a beautiful and multifunctional space, where everything blends perfectly between aesthetics and utility. Multifunctional landscape space is the ideal choice to make that dream come true!
Design a space that can serve multiple purposes
Imagine a cool evening, you and your family gather together in a small garden - a place where you can organize a BBQ party, and also an ideal relaxing corner to watch the starry sky. A multifunctional space is the "miracle" to create such moments of complete happiness.
This area can be designed to serve many needs: dining, reading, entertainment, even outdoor relaxation. With a little creativity in design, you will have a space that is both useful and full of art.
Use flexible furniture such as folding tables and chairs, pergolas combined with lighting
Smart furniture is the “secret weapon” of a multifunctional space. Foldable tables and chairs make it easy to change the layout when needed, while the pergola combined with the translucent ceiling is a beautiful highlight. Imagine sunny days, the soft light from the pergola and the charming vines covering the space, everything becomes warm and full of emotions.
Integrate elements such as an outdoor BBQ, a small swimming pool, or a children's playground
Amenities such as an outdoor BBQ, a relaxing swimming pool or a mini playground for children are great ways to upgrade your living space. A space for the whole family to relax and have fun together will definitely create unforgettable memories.
How about a small pool? It doesn’t have to be big, just a corner of clear water is all you need to have the perfect place to relax on hot summer days. And don’t forget to add a small play area so the kids can be creative and active.
See also: 6 common mistakes in landscape design and construction of garden villas
Application: Residential areas, villas, or garden cafes
Multifunctional landscape space is suitable for many types: from modern residential areas, luxury villas to unique garden cafes.
Try visiting a cafe designed like a fairy garden: soft lighting, flexible furniture and a small corner for children to play. It is not only a space to relax but also a place you will want to come back to again because of the comfort and intimacy it brings.
3. Minimalist Modern Landscape
Modern minimalist landscapes do not need to be too fussy but still make all eyes "fall" because of their neat and sophisticated beauty. This trend is especially suitable for those who love elegance, want a living space that is both beautiful and easy to care for while exuding luxury.
Focus on clean lines, simple yet elegant design
Have you ever felt strangely comfortable when entering a space where everything is neat and tidy? That is the charm of the modern minimalist style! Every detail is meticulously arranged, but not confusing. A neat stone path, a flower pot with neatly cut edges according to geometric lines – just that is enough to create a "fancy" space that everyone wants to visit.
Limit unnecessary details, use natural and harmonious colors
One lovely thing about this style is that it doesn’t require a lot of bright colors or complicated details. Soft colors like white, gray, or wood brown are used as the background, making the space both elegant and close to nature. When everything is minimalist, every small detail like a green tree or a simple stone bench becomes a highlight that you will “love at first sight”.
Prioritize elements with small lakes, single trees, or large patches of green grass.
Imagine an afternoon, sipping tea next to a small lake, the lake surface reflects the clear sky, surrounded by lush green grass. Just a few details like this can make the space filled with a sense of peace. In particular, single green trees placed in the right place not only increase the artistry but also make the space look more airy and spacious.
Application: Popular in modern villas, townhouses, or high-end commercial areas
This style is extremely suitable for modern villas, townhouses, residential areas or commercial areas that want to create a unique mark. The space is simple but still very luxurious, helping the owner be proud of his delicate aesthetic taste. Imagine every time you come home, this minimalist space seems to embrace you, helping you forget all your fatigue - who wouldn't love it, right?
4. Combining Natural Elements and Smart Technology
In the modern world, everything can be combined with technology to bring convenience and efficiency. When combining natural elements with smart technology in landscape design, we can create a space that is both beautiful, modern and extremely convenient. Landscape is not only beautiful but also a smart choice, saving energy and protecting the environment.
Use artistic lighting technology to highlight the space at night
And don't forget about artistic lighting technology! At night, a cleverly lit garden not only creates a beautiful space but also highlights the lovely details in your premises. This lighting technology is very popularly applied for resort design
Surely you have been amazed by the beauty of artistically illuminated gardens – from gentle LED lights to spotlights highlighting trees or under fish ponds and outdoor swimming pools. The sparkling lights at night will bring a very different feeling, both dreamy and romantic.
Integrate smart landscape management systems such as automatic watering, remote lighting control
Almost all modern projects today use automatic irrigation systems for the tree care process. It is great that you can also apply it to your garden, helping you save time while still taking good care of the trees. This system will automatically provide water to the trees at the right time, helping you maintain a green landscape without having to worry about lack of water or over-watering.
In addition, remote control of the light also makes it easy to change the atmosphere in the garden in the evening. With just one click, you can create a romantic space with soft light without having to leave the sofa.
Design areas that interact with nature such as koi ponds and meditation gardens
Imagine a peaceful Zen garden where you can relax and unwind in a space filled with the breath of nature. Combining a koi pond with surrounding plants not only creates aesthetic beauty but also brings a sense of relaxation.
Watching koi fish swim in the clear blue water, you will feel like time slows down, all worries disappear. A meditation garden or quiet area like this is really great for those who want to find peace in the hustle and bustle of life.
Application: High-end resorts, villas or eco-tourism areas
Landscapes that combine nature and smart technology are extremely suitable for high-end resorts, villas or eco-tourism areas. These spaces are not only beautiful, but also help bring great experiences to visitors and residents, making them feel the perfect combination of technology and nature.
Not only will you enjoy a great space, but you will also experience the convenience that technology brings, from adjusting the light, watering the plants to creating attractive relaxing spaces.
5. Use trees in the design to create green space
Green plants are not just simple decorations, but they also bring many benefits to the living space. In landscape design, green plants play an important role in creating a fresh, relaxing and close-to-nature atmosphere. Let's explore the ways that green plants can "sublimate" your living space!
The meaning of trees in landscape design
Green plants are like loyal friends, always making the living space more pleasant. They help to soften the air, create shade and improve the quality of the surrounding air. In addition, green plants also help us feel more relaxed, reduce stress and bring a feeling of closeness to nature.
See also: Popular plants used in landscape design
A lush green garden in your living space is not only beautiful to the eye but also has a very positive effect on your spirit. Just think, after a long tiring day, looking at the lush green plants in the garden will help you erase all your worries.
Application of green trees in design
Green trees can be applied to many aspects of landscape design, from decorating gardens and balconies to creating green spaces for narrow townhouses. Green trees are widely used in garden villa design help bring fresh green space.
Below are ways to use trees in landscape design that you cannot ignore:
Green wall design
Green walls are a very “hot” trend today, especially for small living spaces. You can take advantage of the fence to plant trees, saving space and creating a cool green space. Green walls also help regulate the microclimate, making the space always cool and pleasant.
Vertical garden
Vertical gardens, also known as “vertical gardens,” are a creative way to bring greenery into your living space. You can design a vertical garden wall of climbing plants hanging from your balcony, vertically arranged pots on your porch or right in your living room to create a difference. Vertical gardens not only save space but also add natural beauty and freshness to your home.
Urban garden
For cramped urban areas, urban gardens are a great solution to bring nature into the living space. These gardens can be arranged right in apartment buildings, high-rise buildings, helping to green the space and create a healthy living environment for residents.
Green plants in interior space
Not only outdoors, green plants can also beautify the space inside your home. A small pot of plants in the living room or a pot of fresh flowers in the office not only brings natural beauty but also helps purify the air, making the room more pleasant. Easy-to-grow indoor plants such as snake plants, lucky bamboo or jade plants are very suitable for decoration, do not require too much care but still maintain a fresh look all year round.
Green public parks and landscapes
A public space with lots of trees will bring people a sense of closeness to nature, while helping to reduce air pollution and noise. Green parks are not only places to walk and relax, but also an ideal community space for people to connect and take care of their health.
So, there you have it, some great landscaping design trends to turn your living space into a beautiful and relaxing place, right? Landscaping not only beautifies your home, but also brings you a sense of peace and closeness to nature. Try these ideas and feel the difference today. If you need more suggestions, don’t hesitate to contact us – we are always ready to help you create the most wonderful living space!
You may be interested in:
Understanding what sustainable landscape design is
Top 10 landscape companies specializing in design & construction